Designing Thermal Vias

Enhancing thermal transfer for FR-4 PCBs can be achieved cost-effectively by incorporating thermal vias and plated through-holes (PTH) between conductive layers. These methods efficiently dissipate heat and improve the overall performance of the PCB.

Key design considerations for vias include:

- Adhering to the manufacturer's recommended number of holes (thermal vias) in the thermal pad area to ensure optimal thermal transfer.

- Connecting all holes within and outside the thermal pad area to the internal ground plane or other internal copper plane, thus maximizing the thermal dissipation efficiency.

- Employing a direct or solid connection to achieve lower thermal resistance for the internal ground plane, contributing to improved overall thermal performance.

Furthermore, for the bottom copper plane, it is recommended to encircle the vias with a ring of exposed copper (0.05 mm wide) to prevent excessive voiding. This practice, as detailed in the TI Application Report SLOA120–May 2006, ensures optimal thermal transfer and reliability.

QFN Package Stencil Design for Thermal Pad

 To effectively remove heat from the package and maximize electrical performance, it is crucial to solder the die paddle to the PCB thermal pad with minimal voids. Despite potential challenges due to thermal vias and the large size of the thermal pad for larger packages, striving for minimal voids is essential. Furthermore, careful consideration must be given to the reflow process, as out-gassing can lead to defects if the solder paste coverage is too extensive. Therefore, using smaller multiple openings in the stencil for solder paste printing is recommended, as this can result in 50% to 80% coverage, as illustrated in the figure below. While improved coverage generally enhances thermal contact, it's important to be mindful of potential voiding and floating issues in QFN packages.

Thermal Pad Stencil Design for 7mm x 7mm (Left side) and 10 x 10 QFN Packages with 4.9mm and 7.4sq Pads

What is MSL classification?

For packages that are sensitive to moisture, it is important to control the moisture content of the components. Moisture can seep into the package moulding compound from the ambient air, leading to high moisture levels that can damage the package during the reflow process. Therefore, it is necessary to dry moisture-sensitive components, seal them in a moisture-resistant bag, and only remove them from the bag immediately before assembling them to the PCB. The permissible time from opening the moisture-barrier bag until the final soldering process, as well as the duration of exposure to ambient humidity, is specified by the moisture sensitivity level (MSL). The IPC/JEDEC J-STD-033 standard defines eight different MSLs. Information about the MSLs of our products can be found on the "Moisture Sensitivity Caution Label" on the packing material. Additionally, IPC/JEDEC-J-STD-20 specifies the maximum reflow temperature that must not be exceeded during board assembly.

If moisture-sensitive components have been exposed to ambient air for longer than the specified time for their MSL, or if the humidity indicator card indicates excessive moisture after opening the dry package, the packages must be baked before the assembly process. Baking a package too often can cause solderability problems due to oxidation and/or intermetallic growth. It's important to note that the packing material may not be able to withstand the baking temperature, so it's essential to check imprints/labels on the packing for the maximum temperature. Depending on the reflow peak temperature, two levels of moisture sensitivity may be given. Tin-lead devices with a lower reflow peak temperature may withstand a longer soaking time, while lead-free devices with a higher reflow peak temperature may have a derated MSL.

Below is an example of the MSL classification as seen on a Microchip datasheet.

Low drop LDO for Standby Power

 

Introducing the STLQ50, a BiCMOS linear regulator built for environments requiring ultra-low power consumption. With an extensive input range of 2.3 to 12V, it can provide a maximum output current of 50 mA while maintaining an incredibly low quiescent current of 3uA. 

Thanks to the PMOS pass element, it achieves outstanding dropout values (200 mV at 25 mA IO and 350 mV at full load) without compromising consumption characteristics. Housed in the compact SOT323-5L package, it perfectly meets space-saving requirements in battery-powered equipment.

This circuit is a versatile solution for portable/battery-powered equipment, electronic sensors, microcontroller power, and real-time clock backup power applications.

Digital Proximity, Ambient Light, RGB and Gesture Sensor

 

The APDS-9960 device is equipped with cutting-edge capabilities such as Gesture detection, Proximity detection, Digital Ambient Light Sense (ALS), and Color Sense (RGBC). This compact chip features a 2C-bus Fast Mode Compatible Interface with an address of 0x39.

Noteworthy Features:

- Comprehensive Ambient Light and RGB Color Sensing, Proximity Sensing, and Gesture Detection in an Optical Module

- Ambient Light and RGB Color Sensing:

  - Equipped with UV and IR-blocking filters

  - Programmable gain and integration time

  - Exhibits very high sensitivity, making it ideally suited for operation behind dark glass

- Proximity Sensing:

  - Precision-trimmed to provide consistent readings

  - Offers ambient light rejection and offset compensation

  - Includes a programmable driver for IR LED current and a saturation indicator bit

- Advanced Gesture Sensing:

  - Incorporates four separate diodes sensitive to different directions

  - Provides ambient light rejection and offset compensation

  - Features a programmable driver for IR LED current and a 32-dataset storage FIFO

  - Utilizes an interrupt-driven I2C-bus communication

- I2C-bus Fast Mode Compatible Interface:

  - Supports data rates of up to 400 kHz

  - Includes a dedicated Interrupt Pin

- Compact Package: L 3.94 × W 2.36 × H 1.35 mm

Peak Detector Circuit

 Peak detector circuits play a crucial role in accurately identifying the peak of an AC waveform. After undergoing thorough testing and precise adjustments, this circuit is designed to deliver optimal accuracy. Additionally, the peak detector is engineered to securely hold the peak value until it is reset or powered down, ensuring reliable performance.

Ultra-Precise, Current-Sense Amplifier

 

 

This circuit uses Texas Instruments' ultra-precise current-sense amp, which can measure voltage drops across shunt resistors over a wide common-mode range from 2.7 V to 120 V. The amp is available in a highly space-efficient SC-70 package with a PCB footprint of 2.0 mm x 2.1 mm. It achieves ultra-precise current measurement accuracy due to its ultra-low offset voltage of ±12 µV (maximum), a small gain error of ±0.1% (maximum), and a high DC CMRR of 160 dB.

Designed for DC current measurement and high-speed applications (such as fast overcurrent protection), this amp has a high bandwidth of 1 MHz (at a gain of 20 V/V) and an 85 dB AC CMRR (at 50 kHz). It operates from a single 2.7 V to 20 V supply, drawing a 370 µA supply current (typical). The amp is available with five gain options including 20 V/V, 50 V/V, 100 V/V, 200 V/V, and 500 V/V. Its low offset of the zero-drift architecture enables current-sensing with low ohmic shunts over the extended operating temperature range of -40°C to +125°C.

Driving a Bicolor LED from a Single Output Pin

 

This circuit showcases the control of a bi-colour LED from a single output pin using two PNP transistors. You can access the Java Script simulation link here: 

                                   👉  https://tinyurl.com/22y3w9er                                  

The circuit comprises two NPN transistors for switching, one bi-colour LED, two resistors for base current control, another two resistors for collector current setting for each transistor, and two voltage sources. The first voltage source at the top outputs 24V to drive the LEDs, while the second voltage source supplies 3.3V at the base of the transistors to simulate logic control output from microcontrollers.

In the OFF position of the switch, both transistors are in the OFF state, and the LED on the right side is ON via a 10k resistor with an LED driving current of 2.2mA. When the switch is ON, both transistors are in the ON state, driving the LED on the left side, while the other LED is switched off because the transistor on the right side is on, pulling down the LED anode voltage.

Protecting Microcontroller Input TINA (TI) Simulation

Over Current Protection at Output Stage/ Pins

 

The purpose of this circuit is to restrict the output current to less than 20mA, and this limit can be adjusted using resistors R1 and R8. Furthermore, the circuit also can disconnect the input/output when the output short circuits to a high positive or negative voltage by limiting the current. 

Additionally, the diode D1, located at the output and the 5V0 pin, serves to suppress the kick-back voltage from an inductive load. This occurs when the drivers are deactivated (stop sinking) and the stored energy in the coils causes a reverse current to flow into the coil supply through the kick-back diode.

How to use MOSFET for Hide Side Switching

 

I've crafted a circuit designed for high-voltage (up to 100V) and high-current (up to 33.6A) applications, specifically for switching loads on the high side. The carefully selected P-Channel MOSFET, Q1, boasts low ON resistance. To safeguard against exceeding the maximum gate-source voltage (VGS), I've incorporated R1 and R2. Another option involves including a Zener diode across the Gate and Source. In addition, a small signal N-Channel MOSFET, Q2, effectively controls the ON/OFF switching of the N-Channel MOSFET. When the ON/OFF control is low, Q2 remains OFF. Conversely, when it's high, Q2 activates, thereby reducing the P-Channel gate voltage via R2 and effectively limiting the current.